13 September 2017

4 minute read

Europe

Calf pneumonia is a cause of major economic loss for the cattle industry, affecting an estimated 1.9 million animals (1) and costs the UK cattle industry around £60 million (2). At farm level the losses are also significant, with costs in the region of £43 per dairy calf and £82 per suckler calf (3).

A UK-wide cattle survey carried out in July and August 2017 investigated calf pneumonia control practices on UK beef and dairy farms. It found that 98% of cattle farms surveyed had at least one case of calf pneumonia in the past year.

In small herds of 100 cows or fewer, 90% of farmers reported between 1 and 10 cases of calf pneumonia in the past year. In medium-sized herds of between 101 and 250 cows, 82% of farmers reported between 1 and 20 cases.

Sioned Timothy, Ruminant Technical Manager for Merial Animal Health, says: “Calf pneumonia continues to be a serious issue for the cattle industry. In recent years farmers have taken great strides in improving housing and calf husbandry to reduce disease outbreaks, but incidence remains high.

“While 38% of farmers surveyed said cases of calf pneumonia had decreased over the past three years, 41% said the number had stayed the same and 21% said they had seen an increase in cases. This suggests that farmers need to re-evaluate the steps they are taking to combat the disease.”

While the cost of calf pneumonia is well documented, the survey responses also highlighted its non-financial impact, particularly on staff time and stress. The top six biggest impacts reported by farmers through the survey were: increased costs from vet treatment and medicines (66%), loss of income through less productive calves (63%), loss of income from dead/culled calves (49%), increased time to finishing/bulling (29%), staff stress (35%), and increased staff time and costs (32%).

Calf husbandry plays an important role in preventing calf pneumonia and farmers indicated they implement a range of measures on farm. The survey found that 87% give colostrum within four hours of birth, 85% house calves in similar age groups, 69% have focussed on optimising housing conditions and ventilation, and 47% use calf jackets during cold weather. However, less than a quarter of respondents (24%) use calf vaccination and only 8% use dam vaccination as a method to prevent disease.

Where farmers are vaccinating calves against calf pneumonia, they report improved health, reduced medicine and vet costs and improved growth in some cases. Responding to a question about observed differences in calves vaccinated against calf pneumonia compared to unvaccinated animals, 67% of farmers reported reduced incidences of disease, 55% found calves had improved health and wellbeing, 53% had observed a reduction in the use of antibiotics and 31% required fewer visits from their vet. Over a quarter of respondents to this question (26%) observed higher or faster weight gain in calves to one year old.

When asked why farmers were choosing not to vaccinate against calf pneumonia, 31% of farmers said they weren’t sure of the benefits while 25% felt the upfront cost of vaccination is too expensive.

When it comes to measures planned to prevent calf pneumonia this winter, only 17% of respondents said they plan to vaccinate calves within two weeks of birth, and only 9% plan to vaccinate calves up to one year old.

The low numbers of farmers taking up calf vaccination concerns Ms Timothy. She says: “As an industry we must take steps to reduce antibiotic use. Calf pneumonia is a multi-factorial disease, caused by a complex interaction between viruses and bacteria, management practices and the environment. Good control strategies should address the wide range of risk factors that contribute to disease, and implementing an appropriate vaccination programme as part of this will further enhance the resilience of calves to infection.”

Merial has launched a vaccination awareness campaign to educate farmers, share experiences, and increase the number of calves vaccinated against calf pneumonia, to improve the health of the national calf herd.

In 2016, Merial launched Bovalto Respi 3 and 4. Bovalto Respi 3 protects against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3) and bacteria Mannheimia haemolytica, whilst Bovalto Respi 4 includes these pathogens along with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), which is recognised to play a significant role in some outbreaks of respiratory disease.

The awareness campaign is supported by Merial’s CalfMatters website www.calfmatters.co.uk and social media channels, where farmers have shared their experiences of the impact of calf pneumonia and how vaccination has improved the health and profitability of their animals.

“The vaccination awareness campaign aims to improve animal health and protect the productivity and profitability of British beef and dairy farms. We urge farmers to speak to their vet at the earliest opportunity to discuss the most appropriate option for their farm, before the winter housing period,” concludes Ms Timothy.

References:

1. Cattle Health and Welfare Group Report (2014)
2. National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS). (2007). Health Bulletin: Respiratory Disease in Cattle. UK, NADIS, pp 1-3.
3. Andrews AH (2000) Calf Pneumonia Costs! Cattle Practice 8 (2)

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